Aintzane Sanchez Labaka, University of the Basque Country
Abstract: In her post, Aintzane Sanchez Labaka explores the political trajectory of the Hurtado de Mendoza family, focusing on Juan Hurtado de Mendoza “the Clean” and his son, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza “the Butler”. Their story exemplifies how noble families adapted to changing power structures at court, balancing royal authority, personal alliances, and internal rivalries. A significant event, the coup of Tordesillas in 1420, highlights these tensions, where nobles led by Infante Enrique targeted Juan Hurtado de Mendoza “the Butler” due to his alliance with Álvaro de Luna, the king’s favorite. The family’s origins trace back to Álava in the Basque Country, with Juan Hurtado “the Clean” gaining prominence by supporting Henry of Trastámara during a civil war, earning lordships and royal integration. He played a crucial role as a regent and advocate for broad-based governance during the reigns of John I and Henry III. Internal family rivalries mirrored broader conflicts, as seen with Diego Hurtado de Mendoza’s opposition. Juan Hurtado “the Butler” later allied with Álvaro de Luna, which, despite securing his influence, led to the coup attempt. The family’s political navigation reflects the factional dynamics and mechanisms of power in medieval Castile.
Among my lines of research, I have explored the role of noble families in late medieval Castile, particularly in relation to the factional dynamics that shaped the political life of the kingdom during the Trastámara dynasty. In this post, I will focus on the political trajectory of the Hurtado de Mendoza family, with special attention to Juan Hurtado de Mendoza “the Clean” and his son, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza “the Butler”, who were key figures during the late 14th and early 15th centuries.
Their story offers a fascinating example of how noble houses adapted to shifting
power structures at court, navigating between royal authority, personal alliances, and internal noble rivalries. A particularly striking episode—the coup of Tordesillas in 1420—serves as both a starting point and culmination of these tensions.
On the night of July 14, 1420, a group of nobles led by Infante Enrique stormed the palace at Tordesillas, attempting to break the influence of Álvaro de Luna, the king’s favorite, and his close allies. Among their targets was Juan Hurtado de Mendoza “the Butler”, who had risen to prominence at court thanks to his alliance with Álvaro de Luna, strengthened through marriage and political cooperation. This event—an act of political violence rooted in factional competition—symbolizes the deeper instability of Castilian politics in this era.
The origins of the Hurtado de Mendoza family lie in Álava, in the Basque Country, where their estate was located. Their political rise began with Juan Hurtado “the Elder”, who advanced under Alfonso XI. His son, Juan Hurtado “the Clean”, gained power by supporting Henry of Trastámara during the civil war against King
Peter I, his stepbrother. As a reward, he was granted lordships and integrated into royal politics.
During the reign of John I, Juan Hurtado “the Clean” became tutor to the heir, the future Henry III, and married into the royal family. After the king’s death in 1390,
he served as one of the regents during Henry III’s minority. He advocated for a corporate, broad-based regency, resisting efforts by Pedro Tenorio and others to consolidate power into fewer hands.
Even within the Mendoza family, factional rivalries emerged. A younger relative, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, allied with Pedro Tenorio in opposition to Juan Hurtado, demonstrating how internal family politics mirrored the broader conflicts of the realm.
Juan Hurtado remained close to Henry III until the king’s death in 1406. During the minority of John II, his political activity waned temporarily but regained momentum in 1419, when he supported efforts to declare the king’s majority to counter the influence of Archbishop Sancho de Rojas.
During this period, Álvaro de Luna began his rise. Recognizing his influence, Juan Hurtado “the Butler” allied with him through marriage and political loyalty. This pragmatic move earned him new tenancies and kept him close to the king. However, this alliance placed him in the crosshairs of rival factions, leading ultimately to the coup of 1420, where his enemies attempted to wrest control of the monarchy.
In conclusion, the trajectory of the Hurtado de Mendoza family illustrates how factionalism defined political life in Trastámara Castile. While Juan Hurtado “the Clean” favored inclusive governance structures, his son, the Butler, adapted to more personal dynamics by aligning with powerful court figures like Álvaro de Luna. Their ability to navigate these shifting landscapes not only secured their family’s power but also reflects the broader mechanisms of political negotiation and rivalry that shaped medieval Castile.
Photo: El rey Juan II de Castilla, in: Wikimedia Commons, URL: [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/El_rey_Juan_II_de_Castilla_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg] (15.09.2025), Don Alváro de Luna, in Wikimedia Commons, URL: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alvaro-luna.jpg] (15.09.2025).
OpenEdition schlägt Ihnen vor, diesen Beitrag wie folgt zu zitieren:
Aintzane Sanchez Labaka (12. November 2025). Political Factionalism in the Court in the Late Middle Ages. Blog der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Iberomediaevistik. Abgerufen am 23. Januar 2026 von https://doi.org/10.58079/154qe
