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Preaching against the powerful ? The sermones curiales of Juan Gil de Zamora, OFM (c. 1251 – c. 1306)

Iason Thiele, University of Heidelberg / École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris)

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel stellt eine Forschungsarbeit zu den Kurialpredigten des leonesischen Franziskaners Juan Gil de Zamora vor, womit es sich in das neu entdeckte Interesse der Forschung für homiletische Quellen einreiht. Die Untersuchung stellt die Annahme infrage, dass diese Modellpredigten ein Medium zur Kommunikation von Kritik gegenüber realen Umständen gewesen seien, und geht der Frage nach, in welchem Umfang Topoi aus anderen Herrscherdidaxen und Fürstenspiegeln den Inhalt bestimmen. Somit schlägt das Projekt einen methodischen Ansatz zur Arbeit mit einer Quellengattung zwischen normativem Charakter und scholastischer Prägung vor.

Abstract : As part of a renewed interest in the use of homiletic sources, this article presents a project on the curial sermons of Leonese Franciscan Juan Gil de Zamora. It questions the assumption that these model sermons were a vehicle for expressing criticism concerning real conditions, and examines the extent of use of topoi also occurring in other ruler’s didacticisms and mirrors for princes. Eventually, the project offers a methodological approach to a source genre which alternated between its normative function and a status as scholastic exercise.

My work deals with Franciscan preaching in Castile and León in the second half of the 13th century.1 I focus on moralizing and ethical precepts in a collection of model sermons by Juan Gil de Zamora (c. 1251–c. 1306), the Liber sermonum, probably written between 1279 and 1289. As a maître ès arts who had studied in Paris, Juan Gil was part of the intellectual elite of the Friars Minor in Spain. He also played an important role both within the provincial structure of Santiago, as Custodial and later Provincial Minister, and at the courts of the Castilian kings Alfonso X and Sancho IV. His work includes treatises on history and natural philosophy, as well as on grammar, hagiography and music. Among his most notable writings are De preconiis Hispaniae, a historical mirror for princes for the Infante Sancho IV, his Dictaminis epithalamium, a handbook for writing letters and official documents, and a medical treatise titled Liber contra uenena et animalia uenenosa. Elements of a didactic treatise for rulers can also be found in his Liber naturalis, the Dictaminis epithalamium, and a Breuiloqium de uitiis et uirtutibus. In quite a few cases, we encounter the reuse of ideas in slightly modified morphology. For instance, the Liber sermonum contains passages similar to those in De preconiis Hispaniae. Clarifying the chronological relationship between the two works is one of my project’s purposes.2

Within Juan Gil’s model sermons, I have chosen the category of sermones curiales to highlight the moralizations addressed to secular power. Only two of these sermons have survived, both of which deal with jurisdiction.3 My work explores the question of whether these sermons represent a statement directed at the high nobility of Castile and León and refer to perceived abuses at various levels of jurisdiction, or whether we are instead dealing with the fulfillment of topos regulations of a homiletic ruler’s didacticism. This is intended to test Adrienne Hamy-Dupont’s hypothesis, which understands these sermons as a disapproval of real circumstances.4

In the first curial sermon,5 which was edited by A. Hamy-Dupont, Juan Gil presents an ideal picture of a judge. This is largely done using antitheses. Thus, princes are denounced as blasphemers, sinners and apostates. The second curial sermon,6 which I am editing, evokes a present full of abuses. Judges are described as ‘effeminati’; luxury and corruption are presented as widespread phenomena in the judiciary. Not only the jurisdiction of the high nobility, but also that of the cities is criticized, although it seems that it focuses more on the princes’ selection of suitable judges than on the princes’ behaviour itself. Some elements of both sermons can also be found in Juan Gil’s De preconiis Hispaniae and Dictaminis epithalamium. Not least, the strict application of scholastic methods in the argumentation raises the question of the extent to which this is merely a matter of satisfying the requirements of a genre.

To examine this, I use a two-part method. First, I compare the circumstances described by Juan Gil with the actual events at various levels of jurisdiction during the reigns of Alfonso X and Sancho IV. This could also further refine the dating. Second, I compare other curial sermons and ruler’s didacticisms to identify recurring topoi that are an integral part of the genre. Examples include the sermons of Guibert de Tournais and parts of the Siete Partidas and Castigos del rey don Sancho IV. It must also be taken into account that the two assumptions are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Thus, this study of Juan Gil de Zamora’s curial sermons highlights the challenge of working with a type of source whose original normative function increasingly gave way to the value of a scholastic exercise.


Photo: British Library, Stowe, MS 17, f. 181r.

  1. This article presents my master’s thesis’ project, which I am writing at the University of Heidelberg and EHESS Paris under the supervision of Professors Nikolas Jaspert and Sylvain Piron. []
  2. Important biographical assumptions can be found in : Manuel de CASTRO Y CASTRO (ed.), De preconiis Hispanie, Madrid : Universidad de Madrid, 1955 ; Olga Soledad BOHDZIEWIECZ (ed.), Iohannes Aegidii Zamorensis. Una contribución al estudio de la prosa latina en Castilla del siglo XIII. La edición crítica y estudio del Liber Mariae de Juan Gil de Zamora, Buenos Aires : Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2014 ; Adrienne HAMY-DUPONT, Système encyclopédique et prédication mariale chez Juan Gil de Zamora (OFM, + c. 1306). Les sermones virginales : édition, traduction et commentaire, PhD diss., Université Paris Cité and Paris VII Diderot, 2017. A complete bibliography and overview of Juan Gil’s works shall not be provided here due to space constraints. Please refer to the monographs by O. Bohdziewiecz and A. Hamy-Dupont. []
  3. These two curial sermons are contained in MS Assisi, Biblioteca del Sacro Convento di San Francesco, Fondo antico della Biblioteca Comunale, 414, ff. 166r-172r, and MS Cieszyn, Ksiąẓnica Cieszyńska, DD-V-7, ff. 116v-121v. []
  4. Adrienne HAMY-DUPONT, « ‘A Glance at the Music of Time’ : un sermon Pro curiis magnatorum inédit de Juan Gil de Zamora (OFM, c. 1290) », in : F. J. Hernández et al. (eds.), Medieval Studies in Honor of Peter Linehan, Florence : Sismel / Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2018, p. 225–241. []
  5. MS Assisi, 414, f. 166r-170r ; MS Cieszyn, DD-V-7, f. 116v-119v. MS Assisi, 414, f. 166r names it : « Pro curiis magnatorum, primo de iustitia ». []
  6. MS Assisi, 414, f. 170r-172v ; MS Cieszyn, DD-V-7, f. 119v-121v. MS Assisi, 414, f. 170r titles it : « Ad principis et rectores orbis terre ». []